Notable Muslims in History Khadîjah bint Khuwaylad, [d. 619], the first wife of the Prophet (Peace be upon Him), who eventually would become the first person to accept Islam and the Prophethood of Muhammad. Fatima, [d. 632], the daughter of Bibi Khadija and Prophet Muhammad [s] (Peace be upon Him). Ali ibn Abu Talib, [d. 661], the cousin of the Prophet, husband to Fatima and the fourth Caliph of Islam and the first Imam spiritual leader) in the Shia tradition of Islam. Rabia Al-Adwiyya, [717 - 801], famous sufi and poet. Jabir ibn hayyan - Kufa (Iraq), [d. 803], father of modern chemistry - kitab al kimya. Harun al-Rashid, [d. 809], fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, held court in Baghdad, patron of the arts and learning. Al Khawaraizmi (Uzbekistan), [d. 847], mathematician, developed algebra, the decimal system, trigonometry, the zero - al-jabr wa-al muqabilah. Imam Bukhari, [d. 870], and Imam Muslim [d. 875], two of the most famous collectors of Hadith [the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him)]. Al Razi "rhazes, ray" (Iran), [d. 926], medicalscientist, modern chemistry: small pox, measles, medical texts including a medical encyclopedia of 25 books. Comparison of small pox and chicken pox, kitab al mansoori al-havi. Al-Masudi (Cairo), [d. 957], historian, wrote Al-Tanbeeh. Al-Zahrawi (Spain), [d. 1013}, surgery, medicine, developed surgery of eye, ear and throat, surgical instruments. Firdawsi, [d. 1020], poet, author of Shahnama, considered to be a Persian national epic. Al Haytham, "alhazen", (basra, iraq), [d. 1040], father of modern optics, Kitab al Manazir. Ibn Sina, [d. 1037], or Avicenna, most famous Muslim scholar of his era, master of Greek philosophy, and a pioneering physician and psychologist, wrote Canon of Medicine, which remained the standard text in medical schools throughout the Muslim World and Europe until the 16th century. Al-Biruni, [d. 1048], astronomer, mathematician, geographer, physicist and historian. Umar Khayyam (Persian), [d. 1123], poet and mathematician, mastered algebra and wrote the Rubaiyat. Al-Ghazali, [d. 1111], theologian, jurist and philosopher, professor at the renknowned Nizamiyah University in Baghdad, which he left to become traveller and a sufi. Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub (Saladin), [d. 1193], founder of the Ayub dynasty, Sultan of Egypt, fought against the crusades, signed a truce with Richard the Lionhearted to end the conflict between Christians and Muslims over Jerusalem. Ibn Rushd or Avveroes, [d. 1198], a physician, scientist, linguist, philosopher and reputed to be the ultimate authority on Aristotle and Plato. Al-Rakuni, [d. c.12th century], greatest woman poet of Muslim Spain. Al-Jaazaari, [d. 1200], engineer and inventor. Ibn al Arabi (Spain), [d. 1240], sufi and author of over 400 works. Al-Baitar (Spain), [d. 1248], botanist and medical scientist, wrote Kitab al Jami. Shajarat al-Durr (Egypt), [d. 1259]. Took the title of Sultan, regrouped the Egyptian army and defeated the Frankish Crusaders, minted coins in her name. Sultan Razia of Delhi (India), [d. 1240], The only woman to sit on the throne of Delhi, India. Jalal al-Din Rumi, [d. 1273], famous mystic and poet. Al-Nafis (Syria), [d. 1288], disocovery of ciruclatory system, coronary arteries, wrote Al-Shamil fi al tibb. Ibn Battuta, [d. 1369], famous and extensive travellor, left a detailed account of his journey and social commentary on the people and cultures he encountered. Ibn Khaldun, [d. 1406], historian, father of sociology, science of history, wrote the Muqaddimah. Ibn Masjid, [d. 15thcentury], navigator on Vasco de Gama's voyage from Portugal to India. Sinan, [d. 1587], master architect of the Ottoman empire, most famous for the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul. Jamaluddin al-Afghani, [d. 1897] reformer, traveled widely throughout the Muslim world, calling for a new pan-Islamic unity to resist European colonization. Mirza Asad Ghalib, [d. 1897], poet, father of modern Urdu prose. Muhammad Iqbal, 1876-1938, poet, philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. Also considered the father of Pakistan.